![]() ![]() coli strain ATCC 25,922 (American Type Culture Collection), susceptible to all antibiotics tested, was used as a control. For the purpose of analysis, intermediate susceptibility was regarded as susceptible. The zone sizes were interpreted as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant, based on the guidelines provided by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Institute/NCCLS). ![]() The disks used were: amoxicillin-clavu- lanic acid 30 µg, cephalothin 30µg, enrofloxacin 30µg, gentamicin 10µg, and tetracycline 30 µg. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, as outlined by Quinn et al. In case of inconclusive results, API bacterial identification strips (Analytab Products, BioMérieux, Mary- lEtoile, France) were used. Bacterial isolates were identified by the standard phenotypic characteristics as outlined by Quinn et al. Mixed growth of more than 2 colony types was considered as indicative of contamination. Cutoff values for significant bacteriuria were: ≥1000 colony forming units (CFU)/ml for samples collected by cystocentesis, ≥10,000 CFU/ml for samples collected by cathererization, and ≥100,000. After incubation at 37˚C for 18 - 24 hours, the plates were examined to determine if cultures were pure or mixed from the colony morphology on blood agar and MacConkey agar, and the colonies were counted. Inoculations were done routinely on blood agar (Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, Remel, Lennexa, KS, USA) and MacConkey agar (Remel), using a standard inoculation loop that delivers 0.01 ml or 0.001 ml. Urine samples were quantitatively cultured and results interpreted as recommended by Osborne. Information on sex, and age of each dog, and treatment administered, if any, were collected from the case histories from the year 2004 through 2009. ![]() The laboratory received urine specimens for routine culture and sensitivity testing from the veterinary clinics in Grenada, including the SGU Small Animal Hospital. George’s University (SGU), School of Veterinary Medicine, from the year 2004 through 2009. For this purpose, we conducted a retrospective study of all submissions of urine samples from dogs to the diagnostic bacteriology unit of the St. The aims of this study were to obtain an overview of the species of bacteria suspected to be involved in UTI in dogs in Grenada, and to compare the in-vitro susceptibilites of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial groups to drugs commonly used to treat UTI in the veterinary clinics in this country. There is no published information on UTI in dogs in Grenada. In a study in the U.S, over 80% of urinary tract isolates were found to be susceptible to enrofloxacin. Fluoroquinolones such as enrofloxacin are particularly effective in treating UTI due to the high drug concentrations achievable within the urinary tract. Alternative drugs include gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Suggested drugs for treatment of UTI include amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprim-sulfa, cepahlexin, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and ampicillin. According to published information, the most frequently isolated bacterium from dogs with UTI is Escherichia coli, followed by Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Streptococcu spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Approximately 14% of all dogs will acquire bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) during their lifetimes. Received accepted 10 June 2016 published 13 June 2016īacterial urinary tract infections are the most common cause of urinary tract disease in dogs. The most common drug used for treatment of urinary tract infections in Grenada has been amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, followed by enrofloxacin. Overall resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was 36%. For Gram-positive isolates, resistance to cephalothin was even less than that against enrofloxacin, with a rate of only 13%. More than two-thirds of isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Sensitivity results obtained with 6 antibiotics showed least resistance to enrofloxacin, the rate being 19% for all isolates together. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and enterococci. Among the Gram-positive isolates, Staphylococcus intermedius was the most common species, followed by S. Other Gram-negative isolates included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Serratia plymuthica. coli as the predominant species, followed by Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of 52 culture positive urine samples from dogs in Grenada for six years (2004 through 2009) 65.5% of isolates were Gram-negative bacteria, with E. ![]()
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